Blach, S., Schaetti, C., Bruggmann, P., Negro, F. & Razavi, H. Cost-effectiveness analysis of strategies to manage the disease burden of hepatitis C virus in Switzerland. Swiss Med. Wkly 149, w20026 (2019).
Google ScholarÂ
Howell, J. et al. Turning the tide on hepatitis C virus-related liver transplantation: the return on investment in hepatitis C virus treatment in Australia and New Zealand. Liver Transpl. 28, 236–246 (2022).
Google ScholarÂ
Wilson, J. M. & Jungner, Y. G. Principios y métodos del examen colectivo para identificar enfermedades [Spanish]. Bol. Oficina Sanit. Panam. 65, 281–393 (1968).
Google ScholarÂ
Jarvis, H. et al. Metabolic risk factors and incident advanced liver disease in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based observational studies. PLoS Med. 17, e1003100 (2020).
Google ScholarÂ
Younossi, Z. M., Kalligeros, M. & Henry, L. Epidemiology of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Clin. Mol. Hepatol. 31, S32–S50 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
Torp, N., Israelsen, M. & Krag, A. The steatotic liver disease burden paradox: unravelling the key role of alcohol. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 22, 281–292 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
Karlsen, T. H. et al. The EASL–Lancet Liver Commission: protecting the next generation of Europeans against liver disease complications and premature mortality. Lancet 399, 61–116 (2022).
Google ScholarÂ
Huang, D. Q. et al. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in adults. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 11, 14 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
Allen, A. M. et al. Population perspectives on benefits and harms of screening for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Hepatology 83, 362–373 (2026).
Google ScholarÂ
Lazarus, J. V. et al. A call for doubling the diagnostic rate of at-risk metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. Lancet Reg. Health Eur. 54, 101320 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
Younossi, Z. M. et al. Projected global clinical, humanistic, and economic impact of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH): the cost of inaction based on data from nine countries. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2025.09.002 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
Cheemerla, S. & Balakrishnan, M. Global epidemiology of chronic liver disease. Clin. Liver Dis. 17, 365–370 (2021).
Google ScholarÂ
World Health Organization. Global Hepatitis Report 2024: Action for Access in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (WHO, 2024).
Rodriguez, C. V., Rubenstein, K. B., Linas, B., Hu, H. & Horberg, M. Increasing hepatitis C screening in a large integrated health system: science and policy in concert. Am. J. Managed Care 24, e134–e140 (2018).
Chaillon, A., Rand, E. B., Reau, N. & Martin, N. K. Cost-effectiveness of universal hepatitis C virus screening of pregnant women in the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis. 69, 1888–1895 (2019).
Google ScholarÂ
Scott, N. et al. A model of the economic benefits of global hepatitis C elimination: an investment case. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 940–947 (2020).
Google ScholarÂ
Scott, N. et al. Assessment of the cost-effectiveness of Australia's risk-sharing agreement for direct-acting antiviral treatments for hepatitis C: a modelling study. Lancet Reg. Health West. Pac. 18, 100316 (2021).
Google ScholarÂ
Chien, R. N. et al. Policy and strategy for hepatitis C virus elimination at the national level: experience in Taiwan. J. Infect. Dis. 228, S180–S188 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Chien, R. N. et al. Taiwan accelerates its efforts to eliminate hepatitis C. Glob. Health Med. 3, 293–300 (2021).
Google ScholarÂ
Delile, J. M. et al. Hepatitis C virus prevention and care for drug injectors: the French approach. Hepatol. Med. Policy 3, 7 (2018).
Google ScholarÂ
Brouard, C. et al. Impact of public policy and COVID-19 pandemic on hepatitis C testing and treatment in France, 2014–2021. Viruses 16, 792 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Schröeder, S. E. et al. Innovative strategies for the elimination of viral hepatitis at a national level: a country case series. Liver Int. 39, 1818–1836 (2019).
Google ScholarÂ
Busschots, D. et al. On-site testing and case management to improve hepatitis C care in drug users: a prospective, longitudinal, multicenter study in the DAA era. BMC Public Health 21, 1574 (2021).
Google ScholarÂ
Qureshi, H., Mahmood, H., Sabry, A. & Hermez, J. Barriers and strategies for hepatitis B and C elimination in Pakistan. J. Infect. Dis. 228, S204–S210 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Coyle, C., Kwakwa, H. & Viner, K. Integrating routine HCV testing in primary care: lessons learned from five federally qualified health centers in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2012–2014. Public Health Rep. 131, 65–73 (2016).
Google ScholarÂ
Kapadia, S. N. et al. “Treated like a Human Beingâ€: perspectives of people who inject drugs attending low-threshold HCV treatment at a syringe service program in New York City. Harm Reduct. J. 20, 95 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Irvin, R. et al. Sharing the cure: building primary care and public health infrastructure to improve the hepatitis C care continuum in Maryland. J. Viral Hepat. 27, 1388–1395 (2020).
Google ScholarÂ
Mane, A. et al. Evaluation of five rapid diagnostic tests for detection of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV): a step towards scale-up of HCV screening efforts in India. PLoS ONE 14, e0210556 (2019).
Google ScholarÂ
World Health Organization. Hepatitis C https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c (WHO, 2025).
World Health Organization. WHO Sounds Alarm on Viral Hepatitis Infections Claiming 3500 Lives Each Day https://www.who.int/news/item/09-04-2024-who-sounds-alarm-on-viral-hepatitis-infections-claiming-3500-lives-each-day (WHO, 2024).
Al-Busafi, S. A. & Alwassief, A. Global perspectives on the hepatitis B vaccination: challenges, achievements, and the road to elimination by 2030. Vaccines 12, 288 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
DomÃnguez, A. et al. Hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma hospital discharge rates from 2005 to 2021 in Spain: impact of universal vaccination. Vaccines 12, 1254 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
GBD 2019 Hepatitis B Collaborators Global, regional, and national burden of hepatitis B, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7, 796–829 (2022).
Google ScholarÂ
Fontaine, G. et al. Using an intersectionality lens to explore barriers and enablers to hepatitis C point-of-care testing: a qualitative study among people who inject drugs and service providers. Int. J. Equity Health 23, 124 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Litwin, A. H. et al. Perceived barriers related to testing, management and treatment of HCV infection among physicians prescribing opioid agonist therapy: the C-SCOPE study. J. Viral Hepat. 26, 1094–1104 (2019).
Google ScholarÂ
Dillon, J. F. et al. Intelligent liver function testing (iLFT): a trial of automated diagnosis and staging of liver disease in primary care. J. Hepatol. 71, 699–706 (2019).
Google ScholarÂ
Suh, B. et al. High liver fibrosis index FIB-4 is highly predictive of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B carriers. Hepatology. 61, 1261–1268 (2015).
Google ScholarÂ
Asphaug, L., Thiele, M., Krag, A. & Melberg, H. O. Cost-effectiveness of noninvasive screening for alcohol-related liver fibrosis. Hepatology. 71, 2093–2104 (2020).
Google ScholarÂ
Johansen, S. et al. Screening for advanced steatotic liver disease. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 10, 842–854 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
Shumbayawonda, E. et al. Utility and cost-effectiveness of LiverMultiScan for MASLD diagnosis: a real-world multi-national randomised clinical trial. Commun. Med. 5, 74 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
Younossi, Z. et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is the fastest growing cause of hepatocellular carcinoma in liver transplant candidates. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17, 748–755.e3 (2019).
Google ScholarÂ
Koh, J. H. et al. NASH is the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma in liver transplant candidates. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 22, 197–199.e3 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Kamili, S. & Wester, C. Advancing diagnosis of current hepatitis C virus infection: a key to hepatitis C elimination in the United States. J. Infect. Dis. 229, S313–S315 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Page, K. & Feinberg, J. What hepatitis C virus (HCV) diagnostic tools are needed to advance diagnosis of current HCV infection in outreach settings and in a nonclinical setting? J. Infect. Dis. 229, S328–S333 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Ivanova Reipold, E., Shilton, S., Donolato, M. & Fernandez Suarez, M. Molecular point-of-care testing for hepatitis C: available technologies, pipeline, and promising future directions. J. Infect. Dis. 229, S342–S349 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Shenge, J. A. & Osiowy, C. Rapid diagnostics for hepatitis B and C viruses in low-and middle-income countries. Front. Virol. 1, 742722 (2021).
Google ScholarÂ
Brewer, A., Hanna, C., Eckmann, L., Schadler, A. & Divine, H. Patient awareness, willingness, and barriers to point-of-care hepatitis C screening in community pharmacy. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 58, S69–S72.e1 (2018).
Google ScholarÂ
Glick, M. & Greenberg, B. L. The role of oral health care professionals in providing medical services. J. Dent. Educ. 81, eS180–eS185 (2017).
Google ScholarÂ
Corcorran, M. A., Scott, J. D., Naveira, M. & Easterbrook, P. Training the healthcare workforce to support task-shifting and viral hepatitis elimination: a global review of English language online trainings and in-person workshops for management of hepatitis B and C infection. BMC Health Serv. Res. 23, 849 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Oru, E., Trickey, A., Shirali, R., Kanters, S. & Easterbrook, P. Decentralisation, integration, and task-shifting in hepatitis C virus infection testing and treatment: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob. Health 9, e431–e445 (2021).
Google ScholarÂ
Broad, J. et al. Peer outreach point-of-care testing as a bridge to hepatitis C care for people who inject drugs in Toronto, Canada. Int. J. Drug Policy 80, 102755 (2020).
Google ScholarÂ
Selfridge, M. et al. ‘I just never wanted them to feel uncomfortable': barriers to pharmacy-based identification and treatment of hepatitis C in Victoria, Canada. Can. Liver J. 7, 257–272 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Majam, M. et al. A lay-user assessment of hepatitis C virus self-testing device usability and interpretation in Johannesburg, South Africa. Diagnostics 11, 463 (2021).
Google ScholarÂ
World Health Organization. WHO Prequalifies the First Self-Test for Hepatitis C Virus https://www.who.int/news/item/10-07-2024-who-prequalifies-the-first-self-test-for-hepatitis-c-virus#:~:Text=WHO%20recommended%20HCV%20self%2Dtesting,who%20may%20not%20otherwise%20test (WHO, 2024).
Patel, K. et al. Accuracy of blood-based biomarkers for staging liver fibrosis in chronic liver disease: a systematic review supporting the AASLD Practice Guideline. Hepatology. 81, 358–379 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
Rumgay, H. et al. Global burden of primary liver cancer in 2020 and predictions to 2040. J Hepatol. 77, 1598–1606 (2022).
Google ScholarÂ
Kjaergaard, M. et al. Screening for fibrosis promotes lifestyle changes: a prospective cohort study in 4796 individuals. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 22, 1037–1047.e9 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Carrieri, P. et al. Knowledge of liver fibrosis stage among adults with NAFLD/NASH improves adherence to lifestyle changes. Liver Int. 42, 984–994 (2022).
Google ScholarÂ
Avitabile, E. et al. Liver fibrosis screening increases alcohol abstinence. JHEP Rep. 6, 101165 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Lazarus, J. V. et al. Cost of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease screening among all people living with diabetes in six countries. Liver Int. 45, e70390 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
Kelly, D. C. & Webber, B. Review of the U.S. Air Force Academy hepatitis C virus screening program to ensure high-value care. Mil. Med. 190, e11–e14 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
Lafferty, L., Cameron Wild, T., Rance, J. & Treloar, C. A policy analysis exploring hepatitis C risk, prevention, testing, treatment and reinfection within Australia's prisons. Harm Reduct. J. 15, 39 (2018).
Google ScholarÂ
Ruiz, A. S. et al. Identifying barriers and enablers to opt-out hepatitis C virus screening in provincial prisons in Quebec, Canada: a multilevel, multi-theory informed qualitative study with correctional and healthcare professional stakeholders. Int. J. Drug Policy 109, 103837 (2022).
Google ScholarÂ
Crowley, D. et al. Barriers and facilitators to hepatitis C (HCV) screening and treatment — a description of prisoners' perspective. Harm Reduct. J. 15, 62 (2018).
Google ScholarÂ
Ly, W. et al. Perspectives on Integrated HIV and hepatitis C virus testing among persons entering a Northern California jail: a pilot study. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 78, 214–220 (2018).
Google ScholarÂ
National Health Service. Screening for Hepatitis B, HIV and Syphilis. https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/your-pregnancy-care/screening-for-hepatitis-b-hiv-and-syphilis/ (NHS, 2024).
Department of Health. Are You Screening for Hepatitis A at Each Pregnancy? https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/hepatitis/hepatitis_c/testing/providers.htm#:~:Text=Effective%20May%203%2C%202024%2C%20New,at%20any%20time%20during%20pregnancy (New York State, 2024).
Demant, J. et al. Peer-delivered point-of-care testing and linkage to treatment for hepatitis C virus infection among marginalized populations through a mobile clinic in Copenhagen, Denmark. Int. J. Drug Policy 121, 104185 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Barror, S. et al. HepCare Europe: a service innovation project. HepCheck: enhancing HCV identification and linkage to care for vulnerable populations through intensified outreach screening. A prospective multisite feasibility study. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 74, v39–v46 (2019).
Google ScholarÂ
Tillakeratne, S. et al. Trends in viral hepatitis liver-related morbidity and mortality in New South Wales, Australia. Lancet Reg. Health West Pac. 51, 101185 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Biondi, M. J. & Feld, J. J. Hepatitis C models of care: approaches to elimination. Can. Liver J. 3, 165–176 (2020).
Google ScholarÂ
Moonen, C. P. B. et al. A systematic review of barriers and facilitators for hepatitis B and C screening among migrants in the EU/EEA region. Front. Public Health 11, 1118227 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Brown, C. et al. Exploring the limitations of language interpretation: a qualitative study on clinicians' experiences at French Office of Immigration and Integration. PLoS Glob. Public Health 3, e0002436 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Herranz Mochales, A. et al. Implementing a new HCV model of care for people who use drugs. JHEP Rep. 6, 101145 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Rivera-Esteban, J. et al. Prevalence and risk factors of MASLD and liver fibrosis amongst the penitentiary population in Catalonia: the PRISONAFLD study. J Clin Med 12, 7276 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Le, P. et al. Estimated burden of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in US adults, 2020 to 2050. JAMA Netw. Open 8, e2454707 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
Lazarus, J. V. et al. Opportunities and challenges following approval of resmetirom for MASH liver disease. Nat. Med. 30, 3402–3405 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Birku, T., Gelaw, B., Moges, F. & Assefa, A. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses infection among military personnel at Bahir Dar Armed Forces General Hospital, Ethiopia. BMC Res. Notes 8, 737 (2015).
Google ScholarÂ
Ford, M. M. et al. Check Hep C: a community-based approach to hepatitis C diagnosis and linkage to care in high-risk populations. J. Public Health Manag. Pract. 24, 41–48 (2018).
Google ScholarÂ
Saludes, V. et al. Community-based screening of hepatitis C with a one-step RNA detection algorithm from dried-blood spots: analysis of key populations in Barcelona, Spain. J. Viral Hepat. 25, 236–244 (2018).
Google ScholarÂ
Walker, J. G. et al. Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C virus self-testing in four settings. PLoS Glob. Public Health 3, e0001667 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Allen, A. M. et al. Global patterns of utilization of noninvasive tests for the clinical management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Hepatol. Commun. 9, e0678 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL); European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD); European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). J. Hepatol. 81, 492–542 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Polonord Adeste. Test Fegato https://polonordadeste.com/Test-Fegato-p532637066 (Polonord Adeste, accessed in 2025).
Kopka, C. J., Pugliese, N., Brennan, P. N. & Lazarus, J. V. We must address the MASLD awareness gap, improve educational quality and prepare for the digitally quantified self. Liver Int. 44, 2099–2101 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Grebely, J. et al. Single-visit hepatitis C point-of-care testing, linkage to nursing care, and peer-supported treatment among people with recent injecting drug use at a peer-led needle and syringe program: the TEMPO pilot study. Int. J. Drug Policy 114, 103982 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Picchio, C. A. et al. Community-based screening enhances hepatitis B virus linkage to care among West African migrants in Spain. Commun. Med. 3, 182 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Mandel, E. et al. Province-to-province variability in hepatitis C testing, care, and treatment across Canada. Can. Liver J. 6, 234–248 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Williams, J. et al. An economic evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of opt-out hepatitis B and hepatitis C testing in an emergency department setting in the United Kingdom. Value Health 23, 1003–1011 (2020).
Google ScholarÂ
Surey, J. et al. From peer-based to peer-led: redefining the role of peers across the hepatitis C care pathway: HepCare Europe. J Antimicrob. Chemother. 74, v17–v23 (2019).
Google ScholarÂ
Myring, G. et al. Cost-effectiveness of pharmacy-led versus conventionally delivered antiviral treatment for hepatitis C in patients receiving opioid substitution therapy: an economic evaluation alongside a pragmatic cluster randomised trial. J. Infect. 85, 676–682 (2022).
Google ScholarÂ
Rinella, M. E. et al. AASLD practice guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 77, 1797–1835 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Cusi, K. et al. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in people with diabetes: the need for screening and early intervention. A consensus report of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 48, 1057–1082 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
Cusi, K. et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in primary care and endocrinology clinical settings: co-sponsored by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD). Endocr. Pract. 28, 528–562 (2022).
Google ScholarÂ
Diaz, L. A. et al. Updated recommendations for the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) by the Latin American working group. Ann. Hepatol. 30, 101903 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
Eslam, M. et al. The Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. Hepatol. Int. 19, 261–301 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
American Association of Clinical Endocrinology. AACE Patient Guide to Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) and Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH) https://www.aace.com/disease-and-conditions/masldmash/aace-patient-guide-masld-mash (AACE, 2025.
Torp, N. et al. Phosphatidylethanol and self-reported alcohol intake to subclassify individuals at risk of steatotic liver disease: an analysis of data from a prospective cohort study. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 10, 975–985 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
Israelsen, M., Francque, S., Tsochatzis, E. A. & Krag, A. Steatotic liver disease. Lancet. 404, 1761–1778 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Castera, L., Rinella, M. E. & Tsochatzis, E. A. Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 393, 1715–1729 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
Venkatesan, P. First self-test for hepatitis C virus. Lancet Microbe 5, 100979 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
US Food and Drug Administration. Direct-to-consumer tests https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/in-vitro-diagnostics/direct-consumer-tests (FDA, 2019).
Cernat, A., Bashir, N. S. & Ungar, W. J. Considerations for developing regulations for direct-to-consumer genetic testing: a scoping review using the 3-I framework. J. Community Genet. 13, 155–170 (2022).
Google ScholarÂ
Dranove, D., Garthwaite, C., Heard, C. & Wu, B. The economics of medical procedure innovation. J. Health Econ. 81, 102549 (2022).
Google ScholarÂ
Stern, A. D. Innovation under regulatory uncertainty: evidence from medical technology. J. Public Econ. 145, 181–200 (2017).
Google ScholarÂ
Duah, E., Mathebula, E. M. & Mashamba-Thompson, T. Quality assurance for hepatitis C virus point-of-care diagnostics in sub-Saharan Africa. Diagnostics 13, 684 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Duchesne, L. & Lacombe, K. Innovative technologies for point-of-care testing of viral hepatitis in low-resource and decentralized settings. J. Viral Hepat. 25, 108–117 (2018).
Google ScholarÂ
Grebely, J. et al. We have reached single-visit testing, diagnosis, and treatment for hepatitis C infection, now what? Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 24, 177–191 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Ahmed, G. & Mahfouz, M. Straightforward, inexpensive and sensitive. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 6, 923–924 (2022).
Google ScholarÂ
Nobes, J., Leith, D., Handjiev, S., Dillon, J. F. & Dow, E. Intelligent liver function testing (iLFT): An intelligent laboratory approach to identifying chronic liver disease. Diagnostics 14, 960 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Plebani, M. & Abdurrahman, C. Promoting value-based laboratory medicine: moving towards an innovative model of clinical laboratory. Clin. Chim. Acta 572, 120269 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
Snell, G. et al. Public reimbursement policies in Canada for direct-acting antiviral treatment of hepatitis C virus infection: a descriptive study. Can. Liver J. 6, 190–200 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Mei, X. & Lu, H. Prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatitis C in mainland China. Glob. Health Med. 3, 270–275 (2021).
Google ScholarÂ
Leblebicioglu, H. et al. Availability of hepatitis C diagnostics and therapeutics in European and Eurasia countries. Antiviral Res. 150, 9–14 (2018).
Google ScholarÂ
Pro, G., Tompkins, D. A., Azari, S. & Zaller, N. National trends in testing for hepatitis C virus in licensed opioid treatment programs: differences by facility ownership and state medicaid expansion status. Drug Alcohol Depend. 228, 109092 (2021).
Google ScholarÂ
Korenaga, M. & Kanto, T. Testing, diagnosis of viral hepatitis, and the follow-up policy in Japan. Glob. Health Med. 3, 308–313 (2021).
Google ScholarÂ
Rawat, V. et al. in Issues on Health Science (eds Sreenivasan, A. et al.) 117–135 (ZenToks, 2025).
Zovich, B. et al. Identifying barriers to hepatitis B and delta screening, prevention, and linkage to care among people who use drugs in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Harm Reduct. J. 21, 199 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Dore, G. J. Elimination of hepatitis C in Australia by 2030: a decade and counting. Aust. Prescr. 44, 36–37 (2021).
Google ScholarÂ
Douglass, C. H. et al. Pathways to ensure universal and affordable access to hepatitis C treatment. BMC Med. 16, 175 (2018).
Google ScholarÂ
Olafsson, S. et al. Treatment as prevention for hepatitis C (TraP Hep C) — a nationwide elimination programme in Iceland using direct-acting antiviral agents. J. Intern. Med. 283, 500–507 (2018).
Google ScholarÂ
Toy, M. et al. Cost-effectiveness of 1-time universal screening for chronic hepatitis B infection in adults in the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis. 74, 210–217 (2022).
Google ScholarÂ
Lee, H. W. et al. Cost-effectiveness of chronic hepatitis C screening and treatment. Clin. Mol. Hepatol. 28, 164–173 (2022).
Google ScholarÂ
Berry, P. & Kotha, S. Editor's pick: the challenging ethical landscape of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. EMJ Hepatol. https://doi.org/10.33590/emjhepatol/21-00217 (2022).
Google ScholarÂ
Lazarus, J. V. et al. The people-first liver charter. Nat. Med. 31, 2109–2116 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
Berná, G. & Romero-Gómez, M. The role of nutrition in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: pathophysiology and management. Liver Int. 40, 101–108 (2020).
Google ScholarÂ
Tapper, E. B., Mehta, M. & Leung, C. W. Food insecurity is associated with chronic liver disease among US adults. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 57, 737–774 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
GarcÃa, S. et al. Ultra-processed food consumption and metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): a longitudinal and sustainable analysis. Nutrients. 17, 472 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
Zelber-Sagi, S. et al. Food inequity and insecurity and MASLD: burden, challenges, and interventions. Nat Rev Gastro Hep 2, 668–686 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Gilmore, A. B. et al. Defining and conceptualising the commercial determinants of health. Lancet 40, 1194–1213 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Baker, P. et al. Towards unified global action on ultra-processed foods: understanding commercial determinants, countering corporate power, and mobilising a public health response. Lancet. 406, 2703–2726 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
Hawkes, C. et al. Identifying effective food systems solutions for nutrition and noncommunicable diseases: creating policy coherence in the fats supply chain. SCN News 40, 37–45 (2013).
Vandevijvere, S. et al. Upstream determinants of overweight and obesity in Europe. Curr. Obes. Rep. 12, 417–428 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Hyseni, L. et al. The effects of policy actions to improve population dietary patterns and prevent diet-related non-communicable diseases: scoping review. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 71, 694–711 (2017).
Google ScholarÂ
Weimann, A. et al. Intersectoral action for addressing NCDs through the food environment: an analysis of NCD framing in global policies and its relevance for the African context. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18, 11246 (2021).
Google ScholarÂ
Lazarus, J. V. et al. The global fatty liver disease sustainable development goal country score for 195 countries and territories. Hepatology 78, 911–928 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Coffin, P. O., Stevens, A. M., Scott, J. D., Stekler, J. D. & Golden, M. R. Patient acceptance of universal screening for hepatitis C virus infection. BMC Infect. Dis. 11, 160 (2011).
Google ScholarÂ
O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law. The Criminalization of Viral Hepatitis. Hepatitis Policy Project https://oneill.law.georgetown.edu/projects/hepatitis-policy-project/ (O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, 2018).
Dore, G., Martinello, M., Alavi, M. & Grebely, J. Global elimination of hepatitis C virus by 2030: why not? Nat. Med. 26, 157–160 (2020).
Google ScholarÂ
Lazarus, J. V. et al. The micro-elimination approach to eliminating hepatitis C: strategic and operational considerations. Semin. Liver Dis. 38, 181–192 (2018).
Google ScholarÂ
Huang, C.-F. et al. HCV microelimination for high-risk special populations. J. Infect. Dis. 228, S168–S179 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Lazarus, J. V. A global systematic review of hepatitis C elimination efforts through micro-elimination. Semin Liver Dis. 42, 159–172 (2022).
Google ScholarÂ
Lazarus, J. V. et al. Hepatitis C standards of care: a review of good practices since the advent of direct-acting antiviral therapy. Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol. 45, 101564 (2021).
Google ScholarÂ
Lazarus, J. V. et al. A global action agenda for turning the tide on fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 79, 502–523 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
World Health Organization. Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis 2016–2021: Towards Ending Viral Hepatitis (WHO, 2016).
World Health Organization. Strengthening Prevention, Control and Elimination of Mmalaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases: WHA75.20 (WHO, 2022).
Kandeel, A. et al. Evidence for the elimination of viral hepatitis B and C in Egypt: results of a nationwide survey in 2022. Liver Int. 44, 955–965 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
UHC2030. 2024–2027 Strategic Framework (UHC2030, 2024).
Serra-Burriel, M. et al. Development, validation, and prognostic evaluation of a risk score for long-term liver-related outcomes in the general population: a multicohort study. Lancet. 402, 988–996 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Liu, W. et al. Artificial intelligence for hepatitis evaluation. World J. Gastroenterol. 27, 5715–5726 (2021).
Google ScholarÂ
Lazarus, J. V. et al. Physicians' use of digital health interventions in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin. Liver Dis. 27, 515–533 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Cross, J. L., Choma, M. A. & Onofrey, J. A. Bias in medical AI: implications for clinical decision-making. PLoS Digit. Health 3, e0000651 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Mahajan, A., Obermeyer, Z., Daneshjou, R., Lester, J. & Powell, D. Cognitive bias in clinical large language models. NPJ Digit. Med. 8, 428 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
European Parliament. EU AI Act: First Regulation on Artificial Intelligence https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20230601STO93804/eu-ai-act-first-regulation-on-artificial-intelligence (European Union, 2025).
Park, A. et al. Screening and treating hepatitis C in the VA: achieving excellence using lean and system redesign. Fed. Pract. 25, 24–29 (2018).
Moyer, V. A. et al. Screening for hepatitis C virus infection in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann. Intern. Med. 159, 349–257 (2013).
Google ScholarÂ
Smith, B. D. et al. Recommendations for the identification of chronic hepatitis C virus infection among persons born during 1945-1965. MMWR Recomm. Rep. 61, 1–32 (2012).
Google ScholarÂ




